Background:
Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) is a leading cause of anemia
in dogs. Red blood cells normally responsible for carrying oxygen
throughout the body are destroyed by the body’s own immune defenses.
This destruction of red blood cells is triggered when the immune
system creates antibodies against components on the surface of the
red blood cells. The reason for the immune reaction to the red blood
cells is unknown, but may be associated with the administration of
certain medications.Breeds
of dogs most likely to be affected include poodles, Old English
Sheepdogs, Irish Setters and Cocker Spaniels, although any dog may
develop the disease. The disease usually affects dogs between the
ages of two and eight years old, but is more common in female dogs.
Clinical
Signs:
The most common symptoms of IMHA include an increased sensitivity to
cold (leading dogs to warm locations), decreased appetite, weakness,
depression, vomiting, diarrhea and pale or yellow colored gums and
eyes. The yellow discoloration, or jaundice, is a result of the
breakdown of red blood cells. Another sign of red blood cell break
down is hemoglobinuria, or the production of a dark orange or brown
colored urine.
Diagnosis:
A diagnosis of IMHA is especially likely in female dogs with signs
of a hemolytic anemia. The veterinarian can also find laboratory
signs, which suggest hemolytic anemia by submitting a blood sample.
A Coomb’s test can determine whether the immune system of the pet is
involved.
Treatment:
Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia is treated with a combination of
glucocorticoids, such as dexamethasone and prednisone. These
medications decrease the immune response, preventing the destruction
of red blood cells. Other medications are also used to treat the
disease, including cimetidine and danazol. Your veterinarian will
choose the combination that is most appropriate for your pet.
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